---
id: CVE-2026-116786
title: >-
  FreeSWITCH: Channel-variable injection via SIP REFER leads to command
  execution in mod_sofia
summary: >-
  FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital
  transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation
  that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to 1.11.2,
  sofia_handle_sip_i_refer() placed raw…
severity: high
cvss: 8.8
cvssVector: 'CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H'
cvssSource: cna
cwe:
  - CWE-77
  - CWE-94
vendor: signalwire
product: freeswitch
affected:
  - freeswitch < 1.11.2
published: '2026-11-05'
updated: '2026-11-05'
sourceUpdated: '2026-11-05T19:25:23.486Z'
source: CVEORG
sourceUrl: 'https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-116786'
references:
  - url: >-
      https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security/advisories/GHSA-xjxm-9qx6-w3fj
    label: >-
      https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security/advisories/GHSA-xjxm-9qx6-w3fj
  - url: >-
      https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/fbac12b451a146fdac5104d25d337145be989e84
    label: >-
      https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/fbac12b451a146fdac5104d25d337145be989e84
  - url: 'https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases/tag/v1.11.2'
    label: 'https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases/tag/v1.11.2'
tags:
  - cve.org
ingestedAt: '2026-11-05T22:38:31.540Z'
epss: 0.00442
epssPercentile: 0.38632
---

## Overview

FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to 1.11.2, sofia_handle_sip_i_refer() placed raw Refer-To URI parameters and headers inside a sip_invite_params channel-variable block passed to switch_ivr_originate(). The originate parser treated a comma in the attacker-controlled value as a variable separator, allowing an authenticated caller on a bridged call to inject arbitrary variables into a newly originated leg. An injected execute_on_originate value could invoke the system dialplan application before answer and execute operating-system commands with the FreeSWITCH process privileges. SIP REFER is enabled by default, and the sender needs only a registered account and a call that takes the off-box transfer path, not administrative or Event Socket access. This issue is fixed in version 1.11.2.

## Affected

- `freeswitch < 1.11.2`

## Remediation

Refer to the linked advisories for vendor-supplied fixes and affected version ranges.